Agarwal S.K, Singh S.S., Verma S, Lakshmi V., Sharma A. Chemistry and medicinal uses of Gymnema sylvestre (gurmar) Leaves: A Review. Indian Drugs. 37; 2000: 354–360.

ALLISON DB, CUTTER G, POEHLMAN ET, MOORE DR, BARNES S. Exactly which synephrine alkaloids does Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) contain? Int J Obes. 2005; 29: 443-446.

ARAFA HM, ALY HA, ABD-ELLAH MF, EL-REFAEY HM. Hesperidin attenuates benzo[alpha] pyrene-induced testicular toxicity in rats via regulation of oxidant/antioxidant balance. Toxicol Ind Health. 2009; 25: 417-427.

ARBO MD, LARENTIS ER, LINCK VM, ABOY AL, PIMENTEL AL, HENRIQUES AT, DALLEGRAVE E, GARCIA SC, LEAL MB, LIMBERGER RP. Concentrations of p-synephrine in fruits and leaves of Citrus species (Rutaceae) and the acute toxicity testing of Citrus aurantium extract and p-synephrine. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Aug; 46: 2770-2775.

Badimon L, Vilahur G, Padro T: Nutraceuticals and atherosclerosis: human trials, Cardiovasc Ther 2010, 28:202-215.

Baskaran K, Ahamath BK, Shanmugasundaram KR, Shanmugasundaram ER. Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. J Ethnopharmacol 1990;30:295-305.

Baskaran K. Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. J Ethnopharmacol. 30(3); 1990: 295-300.

Bettuzzi S, Brausi M, Rizzi F, Castagnetti G, Peracchia G, Corti A. Chemoprevention of human prostate cancer by oral administration of green tea catechins in volunteers with high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia: a preliminary report from a one-year proof-of-principle study. Cancer Res. 2006 Jan 15;66(2):1234-40 .

Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Sep 25;214(3):833-8.

BLUMENTHAL M. Bitter orange peel and synephrine. Part 1 WholeFoods 2004 and Part 2. WholeFoods 2005. ®American Botanical Council.

BOUCHARD NC, HOWLAND MA, GRELLER HA, HOFFMAN RS, NELSON LS. Ischemic stroke associated with use of an ephedra-free dietary supplement containing synephrine. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005; 80: 541-545.

CALAPAI G, FIRENZUOLI F, SAITTA A. Antiobesity and cardiovascular toxic effects of Citrus aurantium extracts in the rat: a preliminary report. Fitoterapia. 1999; 70: 586-592.

Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, Rodriguez C, Heath CW: Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 1999,341:1097-1105.

CARPENE C, GALITZKY J, FONTANA E, ATGIE C, LAFONTAN M, BERLAN M. Selective activation of beta3-adrenoceptors by octopamine:comparative studies in mammalian fat cells, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1999; 359: 310-321.

Cederroth CR, Nef S: Soy, phytoestrogens and metabolism: A review. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009, 304:30-42.

Chattopadhyay R.R. A comparative evaluation of some blood sugar lowering agents of plant origin. J Ethnopharmacol. 67; 1999: 367.

Cope MB, Erdman JW, Allison DB: The potential role of soyfoods in weight and adiposity reduction: an evidence-based review. Obes Rev 2008, 9:219-235.

D’ANDREA G, TERRAZZINO S, FORTIN D, COCCO P, BALBI T, LEON A. Elusive amines and primary headaches: historical background and prospectives. Neurol Sci. 2003; 24: S65-S67.

Dateo GP, Long L. Gymnemic acid, the antisaccharine principle of Gymnema sylvestre. Studies on isolation and heterogenesity of gymnemic acid A1. J. Agric. Food Chem. 21; 1973: 899–90. (41) PHARMACIA, Vol I, Issue 2 July 2011.

Dewell A, Hollenbeck PLW, Hollenbeck CB: Clinical review: a critical evaluation of the role of soy protein and isoflavone supplementation in the control of plasma cholesterol concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 91:772-780.

Diepvens K. et al. Metabolic effects of green tea and of phases of weight loss. Physiol Behav. ,7(1): 185-91, 2006.

Duke, James A., (ed) . Handbook of medicinal herbs (2nd ed.). CRC Press 2002. p. 855. I

Egras AM, Hamilton WR, Lenz TL, Monaghan MS: An evidence-based review of fat modifying supplemental weight loss products. J Obes 2011,2011.

Facts and Comparisons Publishing Group. The Review of Natural Products. St. Louis, MO: Facts and Comparisons, a Wolters Kluwer Co; 1996.

Fough-Berman A, Myers A. Citrus aurantium, an ingredient of dietary supplements marketed for weight loss: current status of clinical and basic research. Exp Biol Med. 2004; 229: 698-704.

Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Bairey Merz CN, Brewer HB Jr, Clark LT, Hunninghake DB, Pasternak RC, Smith SC Jr, Stone NJ: Implications of Recent Clinical Trials for the National Cholesterol Education ProgramM Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004, 44:720-732.

Gupta SS, Variyar MC. Experimental studies on pituitary diabetes IV. Effect of Gymnema sylvestre and Coccinia indica against the hyperglycemia response of somatotropin and corticotrophin hormones. Indian J Med Res 1964;52:200-207.

Gupta SS. Inhibitory effect of Gymnema sylvestre (Gurmar) on adrenaline induced hyperglycemia in rats. Indian J Med Sci 1961;15:883-887.

HALLER CA, BENOWITZ NL, JACOB P 3rd. Hemodynamic effects of ephedra-free weight-loss supplements in humans. Am J Med. 2005; 118: 998-1003.

HEALTH CANADA Products containing bitter orange or synephrine: suspected cardiovascular adverse reactions. Canadian Adverse reaction newsletter 2004; 14: 3-4.

Ho HM, Chen RY, Leung LK, Chan FL, Huang Y, Chen Z-Y: Difference in flavonoid and isoflavone profile between soybean and soy leaf. Biomed Pharmacother 2002, 56:289-295.

HOFFMAN BB, TAYLOR P. Neurotransmission. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, eds. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001: 115-153.

Kanetkar PV, Laddha KS, Kamat MY. Poster presented at the 16th ICFOST meet organized by CFTRI and DFRL. Mysore, India: 2004. Gymnemic acids: A molecular perspective of its action on carbohydrate metabolism.

Kapoor LD. Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press, Inc; 1990: 200-201.

Khan SG, Katiyar SK, Agarwal R, Mukhtar H. Enhancement of antioxidant and phase II enzymes by oral feeding of green tea polyphenols in drinking water to SKH-1 hairless mice: possible role in cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Res. 1992 Jul 15;52(14):4050-2.

Khare A.K, Tondon R.N., Tewari J.P. Hypoglycemic activity of an indigenous drug Gymnema sylvestre in normal and diabetic persons. Ind. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 27; 1983: 257–261.

Kono S, Ikeda M, Tokudome S, Kuratsune M. A case-control study of gastric cancer and diet in northern Kyushu, Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1988 Oct;79(10):1067-74.

Kopelman PG: Obesity as a medical problem. Nature 2000, 404:635-643.

Kyremateng P.H., cited in Prendergast HDV (ed.) Plants for Food and Medicine, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1998.

Liao S, Hiipakka RA. Selective inhibition of steroid 5 alpha-reductase isozymes by tea epicatechin-3- gallate and epigallocatechin-3-gallate.

Liao S, Kao YH, Hiipakka RA., Green tea: biochemical and biological basis for health benefits, Vitamins and Hormones 2001;62.

Liu H.M., Kiuchi F., Tsuda Y. Isolation and structure elucidation of Gymnemic acids, antisweet principles of Gymnema sylvestre. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 40; 1992: 1366–1375.

Maeda M., Iwashita T., Kurihara Y. Studies on taste modifiers II: Purification and structure determination of gymnemic acids, antisweet active principle from Gymnema sylvestre leaves. Tetr. Lett. 30; 1989: 1547–1550.

Manni P.E., Sinsheimer J.E. Constituents from Gymnema sylvestre leaves. J. Pharm. Sci. 54; 1965: 1541–1544.

MCGUFFIN M. FDA spins numbers on bitter orange AERs: AHPA analysis finds only 1 actual report associated with bitter orange. AHPA Report 2004; 19: 2-4.

Messina M: Insights gained from 20 years of soy research. J Nutr 2010, 140:2289S-2295S.

Nakamura Y., Tsumura Y., Tonogai Y., Shibata T. Fecal steroid excretion is increased in rats by oral administration of gymnemic acids contained in Gymnema sylvestre leaves. J. Nutr. 129; 1999:1214–1222.

NASIR JM, DURNING SJ, FERGUSON M, BAROLD HS, HAIGNEY MC. Exercise-induced syncope associated with QT prolongation and ephedra free Xenadrine. Mayo Clinic Proc. 2004; 79: 1059–62.

NTP. Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium var. amara). Extracts and constituents (±)-p-synephrine [CAS No.94-07-5] and (±)-p-octopamine [CAS No.104-14-3]. Review of toxicological literature. National Toxicology Program. Jun 2004.

NYKAMP DL, FACKIH MN, COMPTON AL. Possible association of acute lateral-wall myocardial infarction and bitter orange supplement. Ann Pharmacother. 2004; 38: 812-816.

Oguni I, Nasu K, Kanaya S, Ota Y, Yamamoto S, Nomura T. Epidemiological and experimental studies on the antitumor activity by green tea extracts. Jpn J Nutr. 1989; 47,93-102 .

Okabayashi Y, Tani S, Fujisawa T, et al. Effect of Gymnema sylvestre, R.Br. on glucose homeostasis in rats. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1990;9:143-148.

Okabayashi Y., Effect of Gymnema sylvestre, R.Br. on glucose homeostasis in rats. Diabetes. Res Clin Pract. 9(2);1990: 143-8.

Onakpoya I, Hung SK, Perry R, Wider B, Ernst E: The Use of Garcinia Extract (Hydroxycitric Acid) as a Weight loss Supplement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials. J Obes 2011, 2011:509038.

ORDAN S., MURTY M., PILON K. Products containing bitter orange or synephrine: suspected cardiovascular adverse reactions. CMAJ. 2004 Oct 12; 171: 993-4.

PELLATI F, BEVENUTI S, MELEAGRI M, FIRENZUOLI F. Determination of adrenergic agonists from extracts and herbal products of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara by LC. J Pharmacol Anal. 2002; 29: 1113-1119.

PENZAK SR, JANN MW, COLD JA, HON YY, DESAI HD, GURLEY BJ. Seville (sour) orange juice: synephrine content and cardiovascular effects in normotensive adults. J Clin Pharmacol., 2001; 41: 1059-1063.

Persaud SJ, Al-Majed H., Raman A, Jones PM. Gymnema sylvestre stimulates insulin release in vitro by increased membrane permeability. J. Endocrinol.; 163; 1999: 207–212.

Pittler MH, Ernst E: Dietary supplements for body-weight reduction: a systematic review, Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 79:529-536.

Poobalan AS, Aucott LS, Smith WCS, Avenell A, Jung R, Broom J: Long-term weight loss effects on all cause mortality in overweight/obese populations. Obes Rev 2007, 8:503-513.

Prakash AO, Mather S, Mather R. Effect of feeding Gymnema sylvestre leaves on blood glucose in beryllium

Rehm, Sigmund (ed) (1994). Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants. Springer. p. 91.

Shanmugasundaram E.R., Possible regeneration of the islets of Langerhans in streptozotocin-diabetic rats given Gymnema sylvestre leaf extracts. Ethnopharmacol. ,30(3); 1990: 265-79

Shanmugasundaram E.R., Use of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract in the control of blood glucose in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Ethnopharmacol. 30(3); 1990: 281-94.

Shanmugasundaram ER, Gopinath KL. Shanmugasundaram KR, Rojendran VM. Possible regeneration of the islets of Langerhans in streptozotocin-diabetic rats given Gymnema sylvestre leaf extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 1990;30:265-279.

Shanmugasundaram ER, Rajeswari G, Baskaran K, et al. Use of Gymnema sylvestre leaf in the control of blood glucose in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Ethnopharmacol 1990;30:281-294.

Shanmugasundaram K.R ., Enzyme changes and glucose utilisation in diabetic rabbits: the effect of Gymnema sylvestre, R.Br. J Ethnopharmacol. 7(2); 1983: 205-34.

Shanmugasundaram KR, Panneerselvam C, Samudram P, Shanmugasundaram ER. Enzyme changes and glucose utilisation in diabetic rabbits: the effect of Gymnema sylvestre, R.Br. J Ethnopharmacol 1983;7:205-234.

Shimizu K. Inhibitory effects of glucose utilization by gymnema acids in the guinea-pig ileal longitudinal muscle. J Smooth Muscle Res. 32; 1996: 219.

Shimizu K., Suppression of glucose absorption by some fractions extracted from Gymnema sylvestre leaves. J Vet Med Sci. 59; 1997: 245.

Sinsheimer J.E., Subbarao G. Constituents from Gymnema sylvestre leaves VIII: Isolation, chemistry and derivatives of gymnemagenin and gymnestrogenin. J. Pharm. Sci. 60; 1971: 190–193.

Sinsheimer JE, Manni PE. Constituents from Gymnema sylvestre leaves. J. Pharm. Sci.; 54; 1965: 1541–1544.

Srivasta Y, Bhatt HV, Prem AS, et al. Hypoglycemic and life-prolonging properties of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract in diabetic rats. Isr J Med Sci 1985;21:540-542.

Srivastava Y., Nigam S., Bhatt H. Hypoglycemic and life- prolonging properties of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract. Int J Crude Drug Res. 24; 198: 6171.

Stensvold I, Tverdal A, Solvoll K, Foss OP. Tea consumption. relationship to cholesterol, blood pressure, and coronary and total mortality. Prev Med. 1992 Jul;21(4):546-53.

THE MERCK INDEX An Enciclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals. 10th Ed. Merck & Co., Inc. 1983: 1295.

THE MERCK INDEX An Enciclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals. 10th Ed. Merck & Co., Inc. 1983: 971.

Venkatakrishna-Bhatt H, Srivastava Y, Jhala CI, et al. Effect of Gymnema sylvestre, R.Br. leaves on blood sugar and longevity of alloxan diabetic rats. Indian J Pharmacol 1981; 13:99.

Wang L.F. Can J Physiol Pharmacol . 76; 1998: 1017.

Wiersema, John Harry; León, Blanca. World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference. CRC Press 1999. p. 661.

Yang CS, Wang ZY. Tea and cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993 Jul 7;85(13):1038-49.

Yoshikawa M., Chem Pharm Bull; 45; 1997: 2034.

Yoshikawa M., et al, Medicinal foodstuffs. IX. The inhibitors of glucose absorption from the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre R. BR. (Asclepiadaceae): structures of gymnemosides a and b. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1997 Oct; 45(10):1671-6.

Yuk HJ, Lee JH, Curtis-Long MJ, Lee JW, Kim YS, Ryu HW, Park CG, Jeong TS, Park KH: The most abundant polyphenol of soy leaves, coumestrol, displays potent [alpha] glucosidase inhibitory activity. Food Chem 2011, 126:1057-1063.

Zhu DY, Li XY, Jang FX, Yang JD, Zhaou J, Kubo M, Nishimura H, Sasaki H, Chen ZXCM, Ando M, Nagasawa M, Mitsuhashi H. Studies on anti-diabetic principles from By-Yu-Cha. Planta Med., 1990;56,684 .